tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82742639517553973282024-02-02T11:07:11.995-08:00MEDICAL EDUCATIONAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.comBlogger24125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-34120394019474260892018-03-29T21:05:00.000-07:002018-03-29T21:09:44.306-07:00GPA calculatorfile:///C:/Users/myatk/Desktop/GPA%20Calculator/FMHS_GPA_Calculator/GPS_calculator.htmAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-66789951750721777382017-10-31T05:41:00.003-07:002017-10-31T05:44:31.774-07:00A modified-Angoff study<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There are a number of acceptable methodologies in the
psyychometric literature for <b><span style="color: #f05a1a;">standard
setting studies</span></b>, also known as cutscores or passing points.
Examples include Angoff, modified-Angoff, Bookmark, Contrasting Groups,
and Borderline. The <b><u><span style="color: #f05a1a;">modified-Angoff
approach</span></u></b> is by far the most commonly used, yet it remains a
black box to many professionals in the testing industry, especially
non-psychometricians in the credentialing field. This post hopefully
provides some elucidation and demystification. There is some flexibility
in the study implementation, but this article describes a sound method.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What to Expect with
the Modified-Angoff Approach<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">First of all, do not expect a straightforward, easy process
that leads to an unassailably correct cutscore. All standard setting
methods involve some degree of subjectivity. The goal of the methods is
to reduce that objectivity as much as possible. Some methods focus on
content, others on data, while some try to meld the two.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Step 1: Prepare Your
Team<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The modified-Angoff process depends on a representative
sample of <b><span style="color: #f05a1a;">subject matter experts</span></b> (SMEs),
usually 6-20. By “representative” I mean they should represent the
various stakeholders. A certification for medical assistants might
include experienced medical assistants, nurses, and physicians, from different
areas of the country. You must train them about their role and how the
process works, so they can understand the end goal and drive toward it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Step 2: The Minimally
Competent Candidate (MCC)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This concept is the core of the Angoff process, though it is
known by a range of terms or acronyms, including minimally qualified candidate
(MQC) or just barely qualified (JBQ). The reasoning is that we want our
exam to separate candidates that are qualified from those that are not.
So we ask the SMEs to define what makes someone qualified (or
unqualified!) from a perspective of skills and knowledge. This leads to a
conceptual definition of an MCC. We then want to estimate <b><span style="color: #f05a1a;">what score this borderline candidate would achieve</span></b>,
which is the goal of the remainder of the study. This step can be
conducted in person, or via webinar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Step 3: Round 1
Ratings<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Next, ask your SMEs to read through all the items on your
test form and estimate the percentage of MCCs that would answer each correctly.
A rating of 100 means the item is a slam dunk; it is so easy that every
MCC would get it right. A rating of 40 is very difficult. Most
ratings are in the 60-90 range if the items are well-developed. The
ratings should be gathered independently; if everyone is in the same room, let
them work on their own in silence. This can easily be conducted remotely,
though.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Step 4: Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This is where it gets fun. Identify items where there
is the most disagreement (as defined by grouped frequency distributions or
standard deviation) and make the SMEs discuss it. Maybe two SMEs thought
it was super easy and gave it a 95 and two other SMEs thought it was super hard
and gave it a 45. They will try to convince the other side of their
folly. Chances are that there will be <b><span style="color: #f05a1a;">no
shortage of opinions</span></b> and you, as the facilitator, will find
your greatest challenge is keeping the meeting on track. This step can be
conducted in person, or via webinar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Step 5: Round 2 Ratings<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Raters then re-rate the items based on the discussion.
The goal is that there will be <b><span style="color: #f05a1a;">greater
consensus</span></b>. In the previous example, it’s not likely that every
rater will settle on a 70. But if your raters all end up from 60-80,
that’s OK. How do you know there is enough consensus? We recommend
the inter-rater reliability suggested by Shrout and Fleiss (1979).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Step 6:
Evaluate Results and Final Recommendation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Evaluate the results from Round 2 as well as Round 1.
An example of this is below. What is the recommended cutscore,
which is the average or sum of the Angoff ratings depending on the scale you
prefer? Did the reliability improve? Estimate the mean and SD of
examinee scores (there are several methods for this). What sort of pass
rate do you expect? Even better, utilize the <b><span style="color: #f05a1a;">Beuk Compromise</span></b> as a “reality check”
between the modified-Angoff approach and actual test data. You should
take multiple points of view into account, and the SMEs need to vote on a final
recommendation. They, of course, know the material and the candidates so
they have the final say. This means that standard setting is a political
process; again, reduce that effect as much as you can.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Step 7: Write Up Your
Report<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Validity refers to evidence gathered to support test score
interpretations. Well, you have lots of relevant evidence here.
Document it. If your test gets challenged, you’ll have all this in
place. On the other hand, if you just picked 70% as your cutscore because
it was a nice round number, you could be in trouble.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Additional Topics<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In some situations, there are more issues to worry about.
Multiple forms? You’ll need to equate in some way. Using item
response theory? You’ll have to convert the Angoff-recommended cutscore
onto the theta metric using the Test Response Function (TRF). New credential
and no data available? That’s a real chicken-and-egg problem there.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Where Do I Go From
Here?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ready to take the next step and
actually apply the modified-Angoff process to improving your exams?
Download our free <a href="http://www.assess.com/angoff-analysis-tool/"><span style="color: #f05a1a;">Angoff
Analysis Tool</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Want to go even further and
implement automation in your Angoff study? Sign up for a free account in
our <a href="http://www.assess.com/free-version/"><span style="color: #f05a1a;">FastTest
item banker</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Shrout & Fleiss (1979).
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing reliability. Psychological Bulletin,
86(2), 420-428.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-9447495807200906872017-03-28T20:35:00.000-07:002017-03-29T20:42:26.452-07:00UPDATE ON OUTCOME/ COMPETENCY-BASED MEDICAL EDUCATION<div dir="ltr">
<b style="font-family: times; font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="color: blue;">Outcome-based education</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: 12.8px;">is a performance-based approach that has been defined as, </span><i style="font-family: times; font-size: 12.8px;"><b>'results-</b></i><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;"></span><br />
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;"><i><b>orientated thinking' </b></i>(Harden and Laidlaw, 2012:37-38). </span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;">It requires:</span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;">• Learning outcomes of what is expected at the end of each phase of training to be clearly stated,</span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;">explicit and communicated;</span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;">• Decisions about the curriculum (content, educational strategies, teaching methods and</span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;">assessment) to be based on agreed learning outcomes; and</span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;">• An agreed vision that students will succeed by achieving the exit outcomes before the end of their</span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;">studies (Harden and Laidlaw, 2012:37).</span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<b style="font-family: times; font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="color: blue;">Competency-based education</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: times; font-size: 12.8px;">has been defined as:</span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;"><i>"…an approach to preparing physicians for practice that is fundamentally oriented to graduate outcome</i></span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;"><i>abilities and organised around competencies derived from an analysis of societal and patient needs. It</i></span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;"><i>de-emphasises time-based training and promises greater accountability, flexibility and learner-centeredness." </i>(Frank et al., 2010:636).</span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;">As a result it may be argued that the terms 'outcome' and 'competency' – based have much in common,</span></div>
<span style="color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;">
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with a difference in terminology a function on the geographical origin of the work.</div>
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<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
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<b>References</b></div>
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0 , 0 , 0); font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.8px;"><div>
FRANK, J. R., MUNGROO, R., AHMAD, Y., WANG, M., DE ROSSI, S. & HORSLEY, and T. (2010) 'Toward a definition of</div>
<div>
competency-based education in medicine: a systematic review of published definitions'. <i>Medical Teacher, </i>32, 631-637.</div>
<div>
HARDEN, R. & LAIDLAW, J. (2012) <i>Essential Skills for a Medical Teacher: An Introduction to Teaching and Learning in</i></div>
<div>
<i>Medicine. </i>Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.</div>
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</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times"; font-size: xx-small;"><div>
<span style="color: rgb(34 , 34 , 34); font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Source: </span><span style="font-family: "times";">MedEdWorld (</span><span style="font-family: "times";">A global online medical education community)</span></div>
<div>
The MedEdWorld Glossary can be accessed at <a href="http://www.mededworld.org/Glossary.aspx" target="_blank">www.mededworld.org/Glossary<wbr></wbr>.aspx</a></div>
</span><br />
<div style="font-size: 12.8px;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="color: #231f20; font-family: times;">MedEdWorld Updates highlight </b><b style="color: #231f20; font-family: times;">useful and easily accessible sources </b><b style="color: #231f20; font-family: times;">of information on key and important </b><b style="color: #231f20; font-family: times;">topics in medical education </b><b style="color: #231f20; font-family: times;">contributed by leading experts </b><b style="color: #231f20; font-family: times;">from around the world</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgb(243 , 243 , 243); color: rgb(61 , 133 , 198); font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Population Medicine Department</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-2682675746939298392017-03-28T19:28:00.001-07:002017-03-28T19:33:54.542-07:00Reflective Writing<div dir="ltr">
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<span class="gmail-tgc"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;">Reflective writing</span></b></span><span class="gmail-tgc"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%;"> is:</span></span></div>
<div class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span class="gmail-tgc"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 200%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="gmail-tgc"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 200%;">Your response to experiences, opinions, events or new information. </span></span></div>
<div class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span class="gmail-tgc"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 200%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="gmail-tgc"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 200%;">Your response to thoughts and feelings. </span></span></div>
<div class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span class="gmail-tgc"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 200%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="gmail-tgc"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 200%;">A way of thinking to explore your learning. </span></span></div>
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<span class="gmail-tgc"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 200%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="gmail-tgc"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 200%;">An opportunity to gain self-knowledge.<span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Reflective Writing </span><span style="font-size: 26pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Assignments involving reflective writing, such as journals or reflection papers, are still considered to be academic writing. This means that most professors and instructors are looking for more than just your feelings on a particular subject. There should always be at least two components to any reflective writing assignment: <b>analysis </b>and <b>personal reflection </b>that have significant depth and breadth. This document is short guide describing various components of reflective writing. Note that this style of writing is <i>not </i>a linear process; there is no defined order for the components, and a writer may consider incorporating components of analysis and personal reflection into each paragraph, depending on the assignment. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Analysis </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Description </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">What is the topic? What is going on? Who was involved? When did the topic occur? Is a physical description needed? What behaviours were observed? What do you know about the topic? How is the topic connected with the course outcomes? </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Benefits </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">How does this subject contribute to society? To people's beliefs? To the future? To the present? What makes the topic so great? What are some strengths? Why is it important (to you)? Who might benefit from exploring this topic? What are some specific examples? </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Limitations and logical inconsistencies </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"></span></div>
<div class="gmail-Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">What could be improved about this topic? What are some weaknesses in the subject? Are there gaps in the arguments presented? How could this subject be harmful or detrimental to people, society, or other areas? What are some specific examples? </span></div>
<div class="gmail-Default">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Applications </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"></span></div>
<div class="gmail-Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">What is the real-world meaning for this topic? What are specific areas in which this knowledge or topic could be used? How is this subject useful? Why is it useful? What are some specific examples? </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Personal Reflection </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Initial reaction </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">What were your first thoughts when learning about this subject? What have you learned from this? What impressions do you have, positive or negative? Why do you think the subject was presented? What are you thinking and feeling about the topic? </span></div>
<div class="gmail-Default">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">What resonates with you? </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"></span></div>
<div class="gmail-Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">How does this topic fit with your own beliefs and philosophies? Why does it fit? What do you like about the subject? What is important for you? What do you hope to take away or remember about this subject? </span></div>
<div class="gmail-Default">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">What does not resonate with you? </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"></span></div>
<div class="gmail-Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">In what ways does this topic not fit with your beliefs and philosophies? What don't you like about the subject? Why not? What is causing you to feel negatively? What needs to be changed in order for you to enjoy this topic? Are your dislikes something with which everybody would agree? </span></div>
<div class="gmail-Default">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Examples from own life </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"></span></div>
<div class="gmail-Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Where or when in your life do you see this subject? What are some specific examples of you experiencing the topic? Have you previously considered the link between the topic and your life? What are some specific examples of times that contradict the subject? If you have no examples of this topic in your life, why not? </span></div>
<div class="gmail-Default">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Integration with own life </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"></span></div>
<div class="gmail-Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">How might this affect your thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in the future? How could you improve your own life with the knowledge you have gained from this subject? What have you learned from this? How has this subject affected you? What are some specific examples of how you will integrate this topic into your life? </span></div>
<div class="gmail-Default">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Questions </span></b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"></span></div>
<div class="gmail-Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">What questions do you still have about this subject? What would be important to know? How could you find the answers? </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Sample of Reflective Writing: </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></div>
<div class="gmail-Default">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">As it turns out, there are quite a few reasons that the decision to seek out information could be considered unethical, especially when looking at possible resulting situations. First and foremost, as a counsellor, contrary to a psychiatrist or other clinical professional, I have no professional responsibility toward diagnosis. Technically, it shouldn't matter whether or not the client in this case has FASD; I am counselling them as they present in the counselling situation. Learning more about a suspected diagnosis may give me biases, either positive or negative, which could potentially affect how the counselling sessions proceeds. It is possible that by learning more about FASD, I may assume that the client has (or should have) this diagnosis, and may inadvertently lower the expectations of the relationship. This potential for bias brings up the guiding principle of <i>fidelity</i>, where the integrity of the relationship may be harmed. As the adage goes, knowledge is power; a power differential in a counseling setting can be very harmful indeed. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">On the other hand, there are quite a few ideas which may support the idea of information-seeking in this context. According to <i>utilitarian ethics</i>, everyone should be happy as a result of the decision, and this includes the counsellor! I am definitely an information-seeking individual, and thrive on knowledge and facts. If I was curious about a certain diagnosis outside of a counselling situation, I would definitely be looking up everything that I could. I believe that based on the guiding principle of <i>justice</i>, respecting the equal treatment of all persons, there are positive implications for the future if I were to look up a certain diagnosis and its description. By researching available information now, it gives me a wider breadth of information to pull from in the future if I encounter clients who are curious about their diagnoses. Though power resulting from knowledge could be harmful to the fidelity of a relationship, gaining further knowledge could also be seen as…</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-35492459219859829802016-11-17T18:16:00.000-08:002016-11-17T18:16:52.643-08:00ScreenCast<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-20595574586321830882016-09-28T15:52:00.002-07:002016-09-28T16:00:16.710-07:00iCGBA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQjbEhtrA0SH_8J3-_RzfAEi2-K__Jjzly_yn5kT91b1uDRfoVcw9rwiXFoy0jfpQnqGplcC1fyfTwTVjb9xbrzNTJlfeai1aJ2rDqqvtuPL8v23mx_v2UR0wm2jAyARVWkyla7W2OOEk/s1600/iCGPA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQjbEhtrA0SH_8J3-_RzfAEi2-K__Jjzly_yn5kT91b1uDRfoVcw9rwiXFoy0jfpQnqGplcC1fyfTwTVjb9xbrzNTJlfeai1aJ2rDqqvtuPL8v23mx_v2UR0wm2jAyARVWkyla7W2OOEk/s320/iCGPA.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ministry of
Education Malaysia</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Integrated Cumulative Grade Point
Average @ iCGPA</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/usminfo/integrated-cumulative-grade-point-average-icgpa/470933126421943"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9 August 2015 at 19:38</span></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/usminfo/integrated-cumulative-grade-point-average-icgpa/470933126421943/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://www.facebook.com/rsrc.php/v3/yB/r/-pz5JhcNQ9P.png" border="0" height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.gif" width="12" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Integrated Cumulative Grade Point Average @ iCGPA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">INTRODUCTION </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Recently I had announced that
beginning September 2015, five public universities will be piloting a new
approach in assessing their students. This approach will be known as Integrated
Cumulative Grade Point Average @ iCGPA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. The five public universities are <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">UKM, UiTM, UMT, UMK
and UMP</span></b>. The iCGPA will be piloted in a select number of faculties
of each university.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. iCGPA is one of the initiatives
under Shift 1 of the Malaysia Education Blueprint 2015-2025 (Higher Education)
aka the Higher Education Blueprint which was launched in April 2015.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. It must be noted that iCGPA as a
concept has been explored since 2009 with the methodology development taking
place since 2011 via collaboration between experts from public universities
including UKM and UiTM. Throughout this period, the Malaysians Qualifications
Agency (MQA) has provided its advice on standards, with the Ministry of Higher
Education facilitating the overall process. The efforts have been time
consuming in view of the data, research and efforts required to make this
initiative a success.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Why
iCGPA?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. When asked why iCGPA, what comes
to my mind is that one of the key challenges of any higher education system,
including Malaysia’s, is to produce graduates who </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .55in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">not only excel in their fields of
study (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">academically</b>), </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .55in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">but are also equipped with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">necessary soft skills</b> (such as English
proficiency), </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .55in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">knowledge </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(of
the world at large, the sciences and arts), </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .55in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">values</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (ethics,
patriotism, and spirituality), </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .55in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">leadership abilities</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
(including the love of volunteerism), and </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .55in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">the ability <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">to think critically</b> (accepting diverse views, innovation and
problem solving).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6. The immediate goal is to</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">solve the graduate-employer expectation mismatch and </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">enable our graduates to find meaningful employment. </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">We
also want our graduates to</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .55in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">become entrepreneurs and </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .55in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">create job opportunities for others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7. The long-term goal is about </span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">achieving self-realisation, </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">societal prosperity, </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">national development and </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">international recognition.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">What
is iCGPA about?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8. iCGPA will see a new method of
assessing students.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9. iCGPA will not only assess </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">knowledge and thinking skills (as is the current practice), </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">but also competencies based on the other primary attributes
that comprise Malaysia’s student aspirations, namely: </span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ethics and spirituality, </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">leadership skills, </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">national identity and</span><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">language proficiency; and </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">the creating of opportunities for students to acquire
entrepreneurial skills.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10. The iCGPA will be used to track,
develop and fill the gaps that may exist within students.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">11. The iCGPA assessment will be
reported in the students score cards using a </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘Spider
Web’</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">methadology which enumerates all the
achieved, expected or desired performance of the student. Further details will
be revealed in due course.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The role of participating universities</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">12. In so far as participating
universities are concerned, they must ensure that their offerings embed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">High Impact Educational Practices (HIEP</b>).
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
curriculum must be both student-centered and outcome-based.</span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">13. In essence, the curriculum, learning
experiences and interventions must target:<br />
a. The advanced mastery of the discipline;<br />
b. The development of personal, interpersonal and social skills; and<br />
c. The habits and virtues of the mind and heart.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">14. I have been made to understand
that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the curriculum review process</b>
has been ongoing and this will play a key role in iCGPA’s success</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Conclusion</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">15. The imperative for us to produce
holistic, entrepreneurial and balanced graduates is evident. May we be
successful in our efforts and I welcome the support of all our stakeholders.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">"Soaring
Upwards"!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dato
Seri Idris Jusoh<br />
Higher Education Minister<br />
10 August 2015</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-61333750614103813602016-09-12T21:43:00.000-07:002016-09-12T21:43:14.168-07:00SBA from word to moodle<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: yellow;">SBA from WORD to MOODLE</b></span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz3fAQKjoipdnglZFoIttaxryNZTW3G197UXgOM07uWXKvTHxncBvkff_Es8mx-tBYJPJjGsVqcksRSEDLyHw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: yellow;"><br /></b></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-25075316597925930302016-09-11T15:47:00.000-07:002016-09-11T15:47:02.466-07:00<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1bKVjtOi_lAVVgpjiIfvSWwddfXSlhUIx7lWseKSTkSE/pub?start=false&loop=false&delayms=3000">Simulation based Education</a></span></b></span></span></div>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-55902107188700560762016-09-10T20:55:00.004-07:002016-09-10T21:27:30.984-07:00<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1ByVnpe6zFbhG5SXc5Vkz7FqScDwQHAMH390nLmr-gis/pub?start=false&loop=false&delayms=3000"><span style="background-color: yellow;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">Task Based Learning</span></span></b></span></a><br />
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<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-90843024318534852692016-09-06T22:24:00.000-07:002016-09-06T22:38:04.336-07:00<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: yellow;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Q6_gDZTcEQYQtgDlBwCb_NNi0ouP65YPGcrJ5fs4214/pub?start=true&loop=false&delayms=3000">OSPE</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-30286719527105315332015-07-26T00:54:00.001-07:002015-07-26T00:56:19.187-07:00The difficulty index and the discrimination index of a question<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: blue;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Calculation of the
difficulty index of a question</span></b></span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Difficulty index<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Index
for measuring the easiness or difficulty of a test question. It is the
percentage </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(%)
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">of students who have
correctly answered a test question </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.0pt;">j </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">it
would be more logical to call it the easiness index. It can vary from 0 to
100%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Calculation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
following formula is used:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Difficulty
index </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">= [(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">H </span><span style="font-family: HiddenHorzOCR; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: HiddenHorzOCR; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">+</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">L)
/ N] x 100</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">where
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>H </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;">= </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">number
of correct answers </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">in </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the
high group</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>L </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">= </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">number
of correct answers in</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the
low group</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">N
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">= </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">total number of students in both groups</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><span style="background-color: cyan;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Calculation of the
discrimination index of a question</span></b></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Discrimination
index</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">An </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">indicator showing how significantly a question
discriminates between "high" and "low" students. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">It </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">varies from </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">to </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">+1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Calculation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The following formula is used:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Discrimination index </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt;">= </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2
x [(H <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: HiddenHorzOCR; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: HiddenHorzOCR; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">L)
/N ]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<h2 align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Critical
evaluation of a question</span></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This is based on the indexes obtained. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Difficulty index</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">: </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">higher </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">this index the </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">easier </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the question </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.0pt;">j </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">it is thus an illogical term. It
is sometimes called "easiness index", but in the American literature
it is always</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">called "difficulty index". In principle, a
question with a difficulty index lying between 30% and 70%* is acceptable (in
that range, the discrimination index is more likely to be high).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">If for a test you use a group of questions with indexes
in the range 30% - 70%, then the mean index will be</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">around
50%. It has been shown that a test with a difficulty index in the range of 50%
- 60% is very likely to be reliable as regards its internal consistency or</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">homogeneity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Discrimination index</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">: </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">higher </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">the index the more a question
will distinguish (for a given group of students) between "high" and
"low" students. When a test is composed of questions with high discrimination
indexes, it ensures a ranking that clearly discriminates between the students
according to their level of performance, i.e., it gives no advantage to the low
group over the high group. In other words, it helps you to </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">find out who are
the</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">best students.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">It is most useful in preparing your question bank. Using
the index", you can judge questions as follows:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.35 and over</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Excellent question</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.25 to 0.34</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Good question</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.15 to 0.24</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Marginal question revise</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">under 0.15</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Poor question – most likely
discard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-55506205468257965952015-07-25T22:18:00.003-07:002015-07-25T22:18:39.654-07:00Steps in item analysis for MCQ Questions (relative criteria tests)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt;">Steps in item analysis for MCQ Questions (relative criteria tests)</span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-22603010219793699572015-06-20T16:12:00.002-07:002015-06-23T01:01:11.186-07:00Calculation of the acceptable level of performance (ALP) for a MCQ test<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;">Calculation
of the acceptable level of </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 27.0pt;">performance<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(ALP) for a MCQ
test</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060;">Definition</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
acceptable level of performance is a threshold value making it possible to
decide (according to absolute criteria) whether a student "who knows
barely enough" should be passed or failed. Calculation of the ALP for a
test is not valid unless the number of MCQ is more than 30. Use of the ALP
involves an advance judgment (before the test) on the relative difficulty of
each question and enables a judgment based on the test as a whole to be made.
Calculation of the ALP depends on the collective decision of several teachers
each of whom has first made an independent judgment.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Procedure*</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">To calculate the
acceptable level of performance (ALP) of a student for a MCQ test:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.I <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
evaluation board decides what is the correct answer to each MCQ; Let us take
two MCQs which are worded identically but where the choice of answers is
different.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Question,</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Which
of the following values corresponds to the number of red cells per mm<sup>3</sup>
of blood in a healthy adult?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">This procedure was
developed from an article by L. Nedelsky (Absolute grading standards for
objective tests,. Educ. Psycbolog. Meas., 14,3-19,1954).</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.2 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
board decides which answer or answers must definitely be eliminated by the
student, other than by chance;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.3 The board calculates the acceptability
index for each MCQ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2.4 The ALP for the test as a whole is the
sum of the acceptability indexes for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>each MCQ.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The acceptibility
index for a MCQ is calculated as follows:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Carefully study all
the choices offered and decide which the student "who knows just enough to
pass" should be able to reject. For example, if a question offers five
choices (only one of which is the correct answer) and it is deemed that the
student 'who knows just enough to pass" should be able to reject one of
these choices straightaway, it follows that the marginal student could obtain
the correct answer by mere chance approximately one time out of four. In this
case the acceptability index of the question is 0.25.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Let us take two MCQ which are worded
identically but where the choice of answers is different.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Question:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Which of the following values corresponds to the number of
red cells per mm<sup>3</sup> of blood in a healthy adult?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">1 <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">500000 <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">4000000</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">B </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">1000000 <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">B </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">4500000</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">C 2000000
<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>C 4750000</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">D </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">3000000 <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">D </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">5000000</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">E </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">5000000 <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">E </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">5250000</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">In case 1, an acceptability index of
1.00 could be considered while in case </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">it could be 0.25.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">3. Comments</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">The
ALP has little value </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">if </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">it is not based on a
detailed analysis of each of the questions in a test, including consideration
of incorrect choices just as much as of correct answers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">The
validity of the estimate of the ALP also depends on obtaining <i>independent </i>judgments
from several teachers who have paid attention </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">to </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">the educational objectives and the level for
which the examination is intended. The quality of the estimate will be the
greater the larger the number of teachers involved. When the differences
between the judgments’ obtained are relatively small, the extremes can serve to
define a "grey zone" below which the results will be regarded as
distinctly inadequate (failure) and above which the results will clearly
indicate a success. For example, if the <i>mean </i>of the estimates of one
teacher for the ALP of a test is 43%whereas two other teachers obtain figures
of 45% and 47%, respectively, then it could be recommended that any score below
43% should be regarded as a failure, that any score above 47% be regarded as a
success, while a score between 43% and 47% should be regarded as being in a
grey zone. It would remain to be defined what should be done in the latter
case. If the differences between the judgments obtained by several teachers are
large then the criteria of the educational objectives should be revised.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Resource</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Educational Handbook for Health
Personnel (Sixth Edition)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">J.J. Guilbert, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">World Health
Organization, Geneva</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-58109058606602420792015-06-06T04:29:00.002-07:002015-06-06T04:53:39.366-07:00What is Virtual Education<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">What is Virtual Education</span></b></div>
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<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 5.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="background-color: white;"></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-49874913004672634582015-05-25T21:01:00.002-07:002015-05-25T22:14:12.458-07:00Timeline in the History of Medical Simulation<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: white;">Timeline in the History of Medical Simulation</b></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1928-1929</span><span style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Edwin Link builds first blue box trainer in basement of
father's Binghamton, NY, piano and organ factory<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib7" id="ancbbib7"><span id="bbib7"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[7]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1931<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Link becomes full-time flight instructor. His school offers
both trainer and actual flight time<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib7" id="bbib7"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #316c9d; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">[7]</span></a> and <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib8" id="bbib8"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #316c9d; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">[8]</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1934<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">US Army buys 6 Link trainers<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib7" id="bbib7"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #316c9d; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">[7]</span></a> and <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib8" id="bbib8"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #316c9d; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">[8]</span></a>.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1938<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">US Military purchases 10 000 Link trainers<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib7" id="bbib7"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #316c9d; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">[7]</span></a> and <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib8" id="bbib8"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #316c9d; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">[8]</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">First plastic skeleton made by founders of Medical Plastics
Laboratory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1941<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Rocket flight simulator completed<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib11" id="ancbbib11"><span id="bbib11"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[11]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1957<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">First successful external defibrillation with Johns Hopkins'
equipment<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib117" id="bbib117"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #316c9d; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">[117]</span></a> and <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib118" id="bbib118"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #316c9d; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">[118]</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Bohumil Peleska (Prague) states that defibrillation is
ineffective after 3 minutes. Combination of compression and electricity is
optimal<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib119" id="ancbbib119"><span id="bbib119"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[119]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1958<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Laerdal begins research and development for mouth-to-mouth
mannequin<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib118" id="ancbbib118"><span id="bbib118"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[118]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">NASA develops biotelemetry<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib118" id="ancbbib118"><span id="bbib118"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[118]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1960<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Resusci Annie was born<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib46" id="ancbbib46"><span id="bbib46"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[46]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">William Kouwenhoven introduces closed-chest massage<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib120" id="bbib120"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #316c9d; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">[120]</span></a> and <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib121" id="bbib121"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #316c9d; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">[121]</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1961<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">First primitive use of computer-assisted learning in medicine<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib122" id="ancbbib122"><span id="bbib122"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[122]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1963<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Rescue vehicle equipped with coronary care equipment in
Belfast, Ireland<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib120" id="ancbbib120"><span id="bbib120"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[120]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Ivan Sutherland presents MIT PhD thesis for manipulation of
objects on a computer screen with a pointing device<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib12" id="ancbbib12"><span id="bbib12"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[12]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1964<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">GPE and NASA develop simulators for Gemini program<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib12" id="ancbbib12"><span id="bbib12"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[12]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Howard Barrows introduces </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Programmed Patient,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"> providing first description
of SPs in medical education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1965<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">California Gov Ronald Reagan authorizes paramedics to act as
physician delegates<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib118" id="ancbbib118"><span id="bbib118"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[118]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">DC shock developed<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib118" id="ancbbib118"><span id="bbib118"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[118]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1967<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">First report of vfib resuscitation out of the hospital<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib123" id="ancbbib123"><span id="bbib123"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[123]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1968<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">AT&T designates 911 as national emergency telephone number<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib118" id="ancbbib118"><span id="bbib118"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[118]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Cardiology Patient Simulator</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">—“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Harvey</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">”—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">debuts from University of
Miami<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib47" id="ancbbib47"><span id="bbib47"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[47]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1970's<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Massachusetts General Hospital produces computerized clinical
encounter simulations<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib122" id="ancbbib122"><span id="bbib122"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[122]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1972<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">National Library of Medicine provides sponsorship and free
access to medical simulations from The Ohio State University, Massachusetts
General Hospital, and University of Illinois<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib122" id="ancbbib122"><span id="bbib122"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[122]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1973<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">CPR introduced with instruction by the AHA and Red Cross<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib121" id="ancbbib121"><span id="bbib121"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[121]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">University of Wisconsin develops patient encounter simulation
prototype as basis for future NBME computerized examinations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1974<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">First AHA guidelines published with support from Laerdal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1975<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">First description of Objective Structured Clinical Examination<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib124" id="ancbbib124"><span id="bbib124"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[124]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1978<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Singer-Link pioneers computer imaging with introduction of DIG
digital image generator.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">N Ty Smith's group creates analog precursor to BodySim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1981<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Edwin Link dies<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib8" id="ancbbib8"><span id="bbib8"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[8]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1985<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">First PALS course offered<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib123" id="ancbbib123"><span id="bbib123"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[123]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">University of Michigan publishes first catalog of patient
simulations<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib122" id="ancbbib122"><span id="bbib122"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[122]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Effectiveness of computer simulations in medical practice
demonstrated<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib122" id="ancbbib122"><span id="bbib122"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[122]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1986<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">CASE developed as standard precursor of CAE-Link simulator.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">CD-ROM systems revolutionize medical information storage and
retrieval<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib122" id="ancbbib122"><span id="bbib122"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[122]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1988<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">CAE purchases Link simulation divisions from Singer<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib8" id="ancbbib8"><span id="bbib8"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[8]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
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<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">CAE-Link patient simulator born in Palo Alto<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib8" id="ancbbib8"><span id="bbib8"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[8]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
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<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Precursor to METI HPS born in Gainesville, FL.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1990<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Anesthesia Simulator Consultant program released (pre-Anesoft
anesthesia simulator).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1990-1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">ECFMG pilots SP examination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1992<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Rhythm and Pulse released (pre-Anesoft ACLS simulator).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td rowspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1993<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">First Medicine Meets Virtual Reality Conference.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Rhythm and Pulse 2.0 update released.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Medical Council of Canada uses SPs for assessments<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib124" id="ancbbib124"><span id="bbib124"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[124]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Immersion Corporation patents TouchSense technology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Medical Council of Canada incorporates SP examination into
licensure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1994<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Netscape appears.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">ECFMG formally adopts SP assessment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1994-5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">NBME endorses SP examination to be implemented in 4 to 7
years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1995<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">First University of Rochester Human Patient Simulation
Conference.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Wright's Anesthesia and Critical Care Resources on the
Internet launches<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib125" id="ancbbib125"><span id="bbib125"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[125]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Anesoft Corporation founded and releases Anesthesia Simulator
2.0, ACLS Simulator 3.0, and Critical Care Simulator.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1997<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Sophus Medical develops acute care PC-based simulation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">MIST-VR Trainer introduced.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1998<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Anesoft Hemodynamic and Sedation Simulators introduced.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">1999<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Link facility in Binghamton closed<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib14" id="ancbbib14"><span id="bbib14"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[14]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">PediaSim created by METI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">UMedic 4-year multimedia computer instruction system for
cardiology introduced<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib124" id="ancbbib124"><span id="bbib124"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[124]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Denx simulator for dentistry introduced<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018#bib124" id="ancbbib124"><span id="bbib124"><span style="color: #316c9d;">[124]</span></span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">2000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">First International Meeting on Medical Simulation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Laerdal SimMan begins beta testing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">2001<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">METI releases Emergency Care Simulator.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Sophus Medical partners with Laerdal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">2002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Medical Simulation Corporation's SimSuite opens first 2
centers: Swedish Heart Institute (Seattle, WA) and Geisinger Health System
(Danville, PA).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Anesoft Bioterrorism Simulator introduced.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">2003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-position-x: 0px; background-position-y: 0px; border-bottom: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #ECF2F6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #ECF2F6 .75pt; padding: 1.2pt 6.0pt 1.2pt 6.0pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">David Gaba receives the Society for Education in Anesthesia's
Duke Prize for Excellence and Innovation in Anesthesia Education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-41027598108335741822015-05-25T01:33:00.001-07:002015-05-25T16:08:24.092-07:00The tutor as learning facilitator<div dir="ltr">
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma,sans-serif;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">The tutor as learning facilitator</span><span style="color: #420000; font-size: 10pt;"></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: blue;">Old model of teaching</span><span style="color: #420000;"></span></span></h2>
<div style="font-size: small;">
<span class=""><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The old traditional methods of education often followed the authoritarian model of teaching. This looks something like this:</span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtCc3ciBc1Sq-i4KKZfyc8psqlhJXpBcPUXFver1XPQ86_c-R-RIgp_FIlmqlKdZUZS-a95_6fgX5uiO8zWxC-THOmHjLqj_NbxaQ1m2llcUFW06hRdIVAf1qtBA-5x4GM1nYdJ90A1CA/s1600/image-714692.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6152724538737172354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtCc3ciBc1Sq-i4KKZfyc8psqlhJXpBcPUXFver1XPQ86_c-R-RIgp_FIlmqlKdZUZS-a95_6fgX5uiO8zWxC-THOmHjLqj_NbxaQ1m2llcUFW06hRdIVAf1qtBA-5x4GM1nYdJ90A1CA/s320/image-714692.png" /></a></span></div>
<h2 style="font-size: small;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: blue;">New model of teaching</span><span style="color: #420000;"></span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtc2-vUBVowG1aHtwWQtwdrnGgLavfcmcihqMhK4FBvYiW4MNxxUJUcgHxATJj944FuHp7C7vmXdl2om72ru9g4A-ksj0NGuZa1IpkZgXzJvFG3YqFp4VtcoPGErwiqLbSHBpBlUM8Wfs/s1600/image-716526.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6152724545975679394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtc2-vUBVowG1aHtwWQtwdrnGgLavfcmcihqMhK4FBvYiW4MNxxUJUcgHxATJj944FuHp7C7vmXdl2om72ru9g4A-ksj0NGuZa1IpkZgXzJvFG3YqFp4VtcoPGErwiqLbSHBpBlUM8Wfs/s320/image-716526.png" /></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The new model of teaching is based on the tutor<span class=""> </span></span><i>facilitating</i><span class=""> the learning process. The tutor does this by helping the student engage directly with the subject on their own terms:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small;">
<br /></div>
<div class="" style="font-size: small;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">A great deal more learning occurs with the new model</span></div>
<div class="" style="font-size: small;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The process is far more enjoyable for both the student and the tutor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Tutor becomes facilator!!</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Adapted from: <a href="http://www.teachguitar.com/content/art3.htm">http://www.teachguitar.com/content/art3.htm</a> 25th may 2015</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small;">
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<div class="gmail_signature">
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Myo Oo<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-43711061649321950512015-05-14T21:37:00.000-07:002015-05-15T02:24:47.555-07:00Cooperation1<div dir="ltr">
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b>COOPERATION</b></span></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: 'Franklin Gothic Demi',sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">COMING TOGETHER</span></i><span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: 'Franklin Gothic Demi',sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"> IS A BEGINNING, <i>KEEPING TOGETHER</i> IS PROGRESS, </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: 'Franklin Gothic Demi',sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">WORKING TOGETHER</span></i><span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: 'Franklin Gothic Demi',sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"> IS SUCCESS</span></b></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: 'Franklin Gothic Demi',sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: 'Franklin Gothic Demi',sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: 'Franklin Gothic Demi',sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYP5BH8rAfeZBNJ6R25-MoYiE2G2t_ZD_KyruX4w9p2J9ys8LeCKqzBMZhmQKDumdsxz5LHgI1vzxwR-ikSx3vO8r3h57aPXep4RxdREp3t0sMRPmwHziE9cZMA8oKG6vuyY1k958wmVQ/s1600/image-708365.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6148953107806639490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYP5BH8rAfeZBNJ6R25-MoYiE2G2t_ZD_KyruX4w9p2J9ys8LeCKqzBMZhmQKDumdsxz5LHgI1vzxwR-ikSx3vO8r3h57aPXep4RxdREp3t0sMRPmwHziE9cZMA8oKG6vuyY1k958wmVQ/s320/image-708365.png" /></a></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #0033cc; font-family: 'Franklin Gothic Demi',sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: Franklin Gothic Demi, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 13.9100008010864px;"><b>caveat: </b></span></span><b style="font-family: 'Franklin Gothic Demi',sans-serif; line-height: 13.9100008010864px;">we are not going to built a sand castle, though!!!</b></span></div>
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<b style="color: #0033cc; font-family: 'Franklin Gothic Demi',sans-serif; line-height: 13.9100008010864px;"><br /></b></div>
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<b style="color: #0033cc; font-family: 'Franklin Gothic Demi',sans-serif; line-height: 13.9100008010864px;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b style="color: #0033cc; font-family: 'Franklin Gothic Demi',sans-serif; line-height: 13.9100008010864px;">mOo</b></div>
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<div>
<div class="gmail_signature">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-42575094663168135242015-05-14T03:23:00.003-07:002015-05-15T02:23:50.897-07:00DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PBL and TBL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
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<w:CachedColBalance/>
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<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="background-color: white;">DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PBL AND TBL</span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt;">Problem-based
learning (PBL)</span></b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" width="319"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt;">Task-based learning (TBL)</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Learning
surrounding a clinical problem</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Learning
surrounding clinical . tasks .</span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Clinical
trigger is a paper scenario</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Common
problem/events encountered in daily practice. (For less common core problems/
topics, the facilitator can provide the scenarios to facilitate discussion.)</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">The
first session is for "brain storming" resulting in hypothesis formation
and identification of learning issues for self-study, then followed by second
session of presentation. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Important
prerequisites are:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Prior
patient encounter as TBL initiating point.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Prior
preparation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">competent
content expert</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Learning
outcome explicitly spelt out.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Focus of
learning: Basic medical sciences. (Anatomy, physiology, biochemistry,
pathology and pharmacology) .</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Focus of
learning is on actual tasks performed by healthcare professionals in daily
practice..</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">More
appropriate for pre-clinical phase</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">More
appropriate during clinical phase where the topics are integrated and
multidisciplinary approach is instituted.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Level
of cognitive learning can be explained by the concepts in Bloom's taxonomy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Level of
acquiring competency can be explained by the Miller's pyramid.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Facilitator
may not be a content expert</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Facilitator
is a content expert,sharing experiences on knowledge and skills in real practice.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-12425622427208467932015-05-14T00:16:00.000-07:002015-05-19T06:48:41.066-07:00Re: COMMUNITY BASED LEARNING<div dir="ltr">
<div class="gmail_default" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">CO<span style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;">MMUNITY BASED LEARNING</span></span></b></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.466667175293px;">Community Based Learning (CBL) is a pedagogical approach that is based on the premise that the most profound learning often comes from experience that is supported by guidance, context-providing, foundational knowledge, and intellectual analysis. The opportunity for students to bring thoughtful knowledge and ideas based on personal observation and social interaction to a course's themes and scholarly arguments brings depth to the learning experience for individuals and to the content of the course. </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.466667175293px;">The communities of which we are a part can benefit from the resources of our faculty and students, while the courses can be educationally transformative in powerful ways.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.swarthmore.edu/lang-center-civic-social-responsibility/community-based-learning-cbl"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.swarthmore.edu/lang-center-civic-social-responsibility/community-based-learning-cbl</span></a></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-30829667979241356042015-05-13T22:42:00.002-07:002015-05-13T22:42:18.193-07:00FLIP CLASSROOM<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Flip teaching </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">(or flipped classroom) is a
form of <span style="color: blue;">blended learning </span>which encompasses any
use of <span style="color: blue;">Internet </span>technology to leverage the
learning in a classroom, so a teacher can spend more time interacting with
students instead of lecturing. This is most commonly being done using
teacher-created videos that students view outside of class time. It is also
known as <b><span style="color: #6f2f9f;">backwards classroom, reverse
instruction, flipping the classroom, and reverse teaching.</span></b></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="Default">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">The
traditional pattern of </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">secondary education </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">has been to assign students to read a section of a
textbook after-school, which will then be discussed the next day in class.
Student would then be assigned an assessment for homework to demonstrate their
mastery of the topic. In flip teaching, the student first studies the topic by
himself, typically using </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">video lessons </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">created by the instructor</span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">[2][3] </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">or shared by another
educator, such as those provided by the </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Khan Academy</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">. In the classroom, the
pupil then tries to apply the knowledge by solving problems and doing practical
work.</span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">[4][5][6]
</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">The role of the
classroom teacher is then to </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">tutor </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">the student when they become stuck, rather than to impart the initial
lesson. This allows time inside the class to be used for additional
learning-based activities,</span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">[7] </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">including use of </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">differentiated instruction </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">and </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">project-based learning</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Flip teaching allows more hands-on time with the instructor
guiding the students, allowing them to assist the students when they are
assimilating information and creating new ideas (upper end of <span style="color: blue;">Bloom's Taxonomy</span>).</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-65467433481359219012015-05-13T22:06:00.002-07:002015-05-13T22:43:52.563-07:00Team Based Learning<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Team Based Learning</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Team-Based Learning brings together theoretically-based and
empirically-grounded strategies for ensuring the effectiveness of autonomous
small-groups working independently in classes with high student-faculty ratios
(e.g., up to 200:1) without losing benefits of faculty-led small groups with
lower ratios (e.g., 7:1).</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We also view Team-Based Learning as the codification of key
instructional principles, each of which has value, even when applied outside
the context of the Team-Based Learning method in its entirety.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #002266; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Background Information</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://www.bcm.edu/fac-ed/index.cfm?pmid=6592" target="_blank"><span style="color: #662255; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One-Page Overview with
Comparison to Problem-Based Learning</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 10.2pt; margin-right: 10.2pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://www.bcm.edu/fac-ed/index.cfm?pmid=6589" target="_blank"><span style="color: #662255; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Three Keys to Using
Learning Groups Effectively</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Essays on Teaching Excellence, 1998,9).
Michaelsen suggests three fundamental principles instructors can use to
motivate students in small learning groups.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 10.2pt; margin-right: 10.2pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://www.bcm.edu/fac-ed/index.cfm?pmid=6590" target="_blank"><span style="color: #662255; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Team-Based Learning:
Putting "sTeam" into Learning Groups</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. This essay offers a
critical analysis of the benefits and challenges of three different ways of
using small groups: "casual use", cooperative learning, and
team-based learning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 10.2pt; margin-right: 10.2pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://www.bcm.edu/fac-ed/index.cfm?pmid=6588" target="_blank"><span style="color: #662255; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table: Comparison
Overview with Lecture, PBL, TL</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 10.2pt; margin-right: 10.2pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://www.bcm.edu/fac-ed/index.cfm?pmid=6591" target="_blank"><span style="color: #662255; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selected Peer Reviewed
Publications on TL</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 10.2pt; margin-right: 10.2pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://www.bcm.edu/fac-ed/index.cfm?pmid=6587" target="_blank"><span style="color: #662255; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selected Books on TL</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.4pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="color: #002266; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rationale For Using Team-Based Learning In
Medical Education</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 13.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In general, the highest quality clinical care is delivered not by
individuals, but by teams (eg, physicians, nurses, social workers, etc) where
there is good communication and the team process is managed effectively.
Unfortunately, reward systems in medical education tend to focus on individual
student performance rather than team skills (e.g., course grading, licensure
exams). Consequently, this system of rewards promotes behaviors counter to high
quality clinical care in teams by fostering competition and ego-centrism.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 13.6pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While PBL has been introduced into medical education to foster,
among other things, good team communication and problem-solving, it tends to
require a low student to faculty ratio. We believe that Team-Based Learning can
promote similar group behavior to PBL, but with high student to faculty ratios
(an important characteristic in an environment where faculty time for teaching
has been eroded). Furthermore, incentives which can be built into Team-Based
Learning will help shift curriculum rewards toward effective team work, even in
teams without the close oversight of a faculty tutor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-76792777571218264432015-05-13T20:12:00.001-07:002015-05-13T22:44:15.635-07:00HISTORY OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE<div dir="ltr">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The history of emergency medicine as a distinct medical discipline encompasses the past 60 years. The genesis of emergency medicine involved several elements and stemmed from recognition of the unique nature of trauma care and emergency transport, increasing mobility of the population and improvements in emergency care and resuscitation. </span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The American Board of Emergency Medicine became the twenty-third medical specialty, following its approval by the American Board of Specialties in September 1979. The first board examination in emergency medicine was offered in 1980. In the early 1980's, the Australian Society of Emergency Medicine was formed by a group of doctors committed to the practice and development of emergency medicine, and in 1993 the discipline was accepted as a principal specialty. These developments have led to the transformation in the practice of emergency medicine in most hospitals. However, away from the major centres, there are many non-specialist doctors playing an important role in the delivery of emergency care to seriously ill patients. These doctors often do so in relative isolation and without the benefit of the supervision and back up of specialists. Groups such as rural general practitioners and hospital based medical officers carry a significant emergency medicine role.</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
-- <br />
<div class="gmail_signature">
<div dir="ltr">
Daw Khin Than Win</div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10245223287818770682noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8274263951755397328.post-34408209778531934132015-05-13T10:35:00.001-07:002015-05-13T22:44:31.701-07:00<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PROBLEM BASED LEARNING</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Maastricht "Seven
Step" PBL process</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Step
1:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Clarify terms and concepts</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Step
2:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Define the problem(s)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Step
3:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Analyse the problem(s) –"Brainstorm"</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Step
4: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>List of the analysis and possible
solutions</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Step
5: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Formulate Learning Objectives</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">NEXT
WEEK</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Step
6: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Collect additional information
focussed on Learning Objectives</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Step
7: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Synthesise and present new
information </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PBL: role of the facilitator</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The facilitator must let the
students be responsible for their learning.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The facilitator must let the
students do the work.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The facilitator has the role
of monitoring and evaluating the discussion. Guidance is given in the form of
suggestions.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The facilitator has
background information concerning the case under discussion.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The facilitator may
intervene if the students are not working or if the activity is starting to go
in the wrong direction.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The students may ask the
facilitator for advice which can be given according to his or her judgement. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Different styles of Facilitators</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Autocratic:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>facilitator basically controls
all the objectives and activities of the group and keeps intervening to ensure
they are carried out. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Laissez-faire:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>allows the group to decide what
its objectives are, what activities it is engaged in and has minimal input into
the session. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Democratic:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>collaborates with the group,
helping them to agree on a set of objectives and activities and only
intervening to keep the group dynamic orientated in a positive direction. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Problem-solving Vs Problem based learning</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Problem-solving:</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>arriving at
decisions based on prior knowledge and reasoning</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Problem-based
learning:</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">the process of acquiring new
knowledge based on recognition of a need to learn</span></div>
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<tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.65pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 128.7pt;" valign="top" width="172"><br /></td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.3pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">PROBLEM
SOLVING</span></b><b><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.3pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">PROBLEM-BASED
LEARNING</span></b><b><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 128.7pt;" valign="top" width="172"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Educational strategy</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.85pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Traditional discipline-based</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.85pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Integrated systems-based</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: .85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 128.7pt;" valign="top" width="172"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Main characteristics</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The focus
is on preparatory learning prior to exposure to the problem. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 19.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">staff set the problems (</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">case history problems in a primarily lecture- based format</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">), </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and students attempt to resolve them using
previously taught curricular content.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The problem comes first without, advance readings, lectures, or
preparation.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">The problem serves as a stimulus for the need to know.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Based on their own prior knowledge and the
identified gaps in that knowledge, students determine the learning issues
within their own group. They then identify and use a variety of learning
resources to study these issues and return to the group to discuss and share
what they have learned.</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Role
of the teacher</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Content
expert</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Tutor/Facilitator</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<tr style="height: .85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
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<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Learning
environment</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
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<span lang="RU" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Passive, teacher-centered </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Learning
becomes dependent upon the self-directed efforts of the small group. This
method creates a <u>more active, student-centered</u> learning environment </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<tr style="height: .85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 128.7pt;" valign="top" width="172"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; text-shadow: auto;">Who
is responsible for directing the learning activities</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 2.25in;" valign="top" width="216"><div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Teacher</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">The student decides
what he/she needs to learn</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">E-LEARNING</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">E-LEARNING
has been a catchy word to many educators and trainers especially in the
developing countries. To some people, e-learning is a ‘magic’ word that may
give some positive meanings or great values to them and/or their organization.
Yet, the definition and scope of e-learning is relative. To some people,
e-learning is nothing more than the use of electronic devices for teaching and learning.
Others look at e-learning as a new way of educating and training their staff
and customers, including students and trainees, using various electronic
gadgets. Supyan (2008) offers an operational definition and conceptual
definition for e-learning.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">According
to him, conceptually, e-learning means a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>form
of learning</i></b><i> </i>whereby learning process takes place in an
environment<i> </i>which employs electronic technology, in network-based (local
area<i> </i>network, LAN and wide area network, WAN) and non-networked,<i> </i>i.e.
independent of network such as self-directed learning materials<i> </i>in forms
of CD, DVD, MP3 or MP4 players.</span></div>
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