Timeline in the History of Medical Simulation

Timeline in the History of Medical Simulation

1928-1929	Edwin Link builds first blue box trainer in basement of father's Binghamton, NY, piano and organ factory [7].
1931	Link becomes full-time flight instructor. His school offers both trainer and actual flight time [7] and [8].
1934	US Army buys 6 Link trainers [7] and [8].
1938	US Military purchases 10 000 Link trainers [7] and [8].
	First plastic skeleton made by founders of Medical Plastics Laboratory.
1941	Rocket flight simulator completed [11].
1957	First successful external defibrillation with Johns Hopkins' equipment [117] and [118].
	Bohumil Peleska (Prague) states that defibrillation is ineffective after 3 minutes. Combination of compression and electricity is optimal [119].
1958	Laerdal begins research and development for mouth-to-mouth mannequin [118].
	NASA develops biotelemetry [118].
1960	Resusci Annie was born [46].
	William Kouwenhoven introduces closed-chest massage [120] and [121].
1961	First primitive use of computer-assisted learning in medicine [122].
1963	Rescue vehicle equipped with coronary care equipment in Belfast, Ireland [120].
	Ivan Sutherland presents MIT PhD thesis for manipulation of objects on a computer screen with a pointing device[12].
1964	GPE and NASA develop simulators for Gemini program [12].
	Howard Barrows introduces “Programmed Patient,” providing first description of SPs in medical education.
1965	California Gov Ronald Reagan authorizes paramedics to act as physician delegates [118].
	DC shock developed [118].
1967	First report of vfib resuscitation out of the hospital [123].
1968	AT&T designates 911 as national emergency telephone number [118].
	Cardiology Patient Simulator—“Harvey”—debuts from University of Miami [47].
1970's	Massachusetts General Hospital produces computerized clinical encounter simulations [122].
1972	National Library of Medicine provides sponsorship and free access to medical simulations from The Ohio State University, Massachusetts General Hospital, and University of Illinois [122].
1973	CPR introduced with instruction by the AHA and Red Cross [121].
	University of Wisconsin develops patient encounter simulation prototype as basis for future NBME computerized examinations.
1974	First AHA guidelines published with support from Laerdal.
1975	First description of Objective Structured Clinical Examination [124].
1978	Singer-Link pioneers computer imaging with introduction of DIG digital image generator.
	N Ty Smith's group creates analog precursor to BodySim.
1981	Edwin Link dies [8].
1985	First PALS course offered [123].
	University of Michigan publishes first catalog of patient simulations [122].
	Effectiveness of computer simulations in medical practice demonstrated [122].
1986	CASE developed as standard precursor of CAE-Link simulator.
	CD-ROM systems revolutionize medical information storage and retrieval [122].
1988	CAE purchases Link simulation divisions from Singer [8].
	CAE-Link patient simulator born in Palo Alto [8].
	Precursor to METI HPS born in Gainesville, FL.
1990	Anesthesia Simulator Consultant program released (pre-Anesoft anesthesia simulator).
1990-1	ECFMG pilots SP examination.
1992	Rhythm and Pulse released (pre-Anesoft ACLS simulator).
1993	First Medicine Meets Virtual Reality Conference.
	Rhythm and Pulse 2.0 update released.
	Medical Council of Canada uses SPs for assessments [124].
	Immersion Corporation patents TouchSense technology.
	Medical Council of Canada incorporates SP examination into licensure.
1994	Netscape appears.
	ECFMG formally adopts SP assessment.
1994-5	NBME endorses SP examination to be implemented in 4 to 7 years.
1995	First University of Rochester Human Patient Simulation Conference.
	Wright's Anesthesia and Critical Care Resources on the Internet launches [125].
	Anesoft Corporation founded and releases Anesthesia Simulator 2.0, ACLS Simulator 3.0, and Critical Care Simulator.
1997	Sophus Medical develops acute care PC-based simulation.
	MIST-VR Trainer introduced.
1998	Anesoft Hemodynamic and Sedation Simulators introduced.
1999	Link facility in Binghamton closed [14].
	PediaSim created by METI.
	UMedic 4-year multimedia computer instruction system for cardiology introduced [124].
	Denx simulator for dentistry introduced [124].
2000	First International Meeting on Medical Simulation.
	Laerdal SimMan begins beta testing.
2001	METI releases Emergency Care Simulator.
	Sophus Medical partners with Laerdal.
2002	Medical Simulation Corporation's SimSuite opens first 2 centers: Swedish Heart Institute (Seattle, WA) and Geisinger Health System (Danville, PA).
	Anesoft Bioterrorism Simulator introduced.
2003	David Gaba receives the Society for Education in Anesthesia's Duke Prize for Excellence and Innovation in Anesthesia Education.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018