Monday, May 25, 2015

Timeline in the History of Medical Simulation

Timeline in the History of Medical Simulation


1928-1929
Edwin Link builds first blue box trainer in basement of father's Binghamton, NY, piano and organ factory [7].
1931
Link becomes full-time flight instructor. His school offers both trainer and actual flight time [7] and [8].
1934
US Army buys 6 Link trainers [7] and [8].

1938
US Military purchases 10 000 Link trainers [7] and [8].
First plastic skeleton made by founders of Medical Plastics Laboratory.
1941
Rocket flight simulator completed [11].
1957
First successful external defibrillation with Johns Hopkins' equipment [117] and [118].
Bohumil Peleska (Prague) states that defibrillation is ineffective after 3 minutes. Combination of compression and electricity is optimal [119].
1958
Laerdal begins research and development for mouth-to-mouth mannequin [118].
NASA develops biotelemetry [118].
1960
Resusci Annie was born [46].
William Kouwenhoven introduces closed-chest massage [120] and [121].
1961
First primitive use of computer-assisted learning in medicine [122].
1963
Rescue vehicle equipped with coronary care equipment in Belfast, Ireland [120].
Ivan Sutherland presents MIT PhD thesis for manipulation of objects on a computer screen with a pointing device[12].
1964
GPE and NASA develop simulators for Gemini program [12].
Howard Barrows introduces Programmed Patient, providing first description of SPs in medical education.
1965
California Gov Ronald Reagan authorizes paramedics to act as physician delegates [118].
DC shock developed [118].
1967
First report of vfib resuscitation out of the hospital [123].
1968
AT&T designates 911 as national emergency telephone number [118].
Cardiology Patient Simulator—“Harvey”—debuts from University of Miami [47].
1970's
Massachusetts General Hospital produces computerized clinical encounter simulations [122].
1972
National Library of Medicine provides sponsorship and free access to medical simulations from The Ohio State University, Massachusetts General Hospital, and University of Illinois [122].
1973
CPR introduced with instruction by the AHA and Red Cross [121].
University of Wisconsin develops patient encounter simulation prototype as basis for future NBME computerized examinations.
1974
First AHA guidelines published with support from Laerdal.
1975
First description of Objective Structured Clinical Examination [124].
1978
Singer-Link pioneers computer imaging with introduction of DIG digital image generator.
N Ty Smith's group creates analog precursor to BodySim.
1981
Edwin Link dies [8].
1985
First PALS course offered [123].
University of Michigan publishes first catalog of patient simulations [122].
Effectiveness of computer simulations in medical practice demonstrated [122].
1986
CASE developed as standard precursor of CAE-Link simulator.
CD-ROM systems revolutionize medical information storage and retrieval [122].
1988
CAE purchases Link simulation divisions from Singer [8].
CAE-Link patient simulator born in Palo Alto [8].
Precursor to METI HPS born in Gainesville, FL.
1990
Anesthesia Simulator Consultant program released (pre-Anesoft anesthesia simulator).
1990-1
ECFMG pilots SP examination.
1992
Rhythm and Pulse released (pre-Anesoft ACLS simulator).
1993
First Medicine Meets Virtual Reality Conference.
Rhythm and Pulse 2.0 update released.
Medical Council of Canada uses SPs for assessments [124].
Immersion Corporation patents TouchSense technology.
Medical Council of Canada incorporates SP examination into licensure.
1994
Netscape appears.
ECFMG formally adopts SP assessment.
1994-5
NBME endorses SP examination to be implemented in 4 to 7 years.
1995
First University of Rochester Human Patient Simulation Conference.
Wright's Anesthesia and Critical Care Resources on the Internet launches [125].
Anesoft Corporation founded and releases Anesthesia Simulator 2.0, ACLS Simulator 3.0, and Critical Care Simulator.
1997
Sophus Medical develops acute care PC-based simulation.
MIST-VR Trainer introduced.
1998
Anesoft Hemodynamic and Sedation Simulators introduced.
1999
Link facility in Binghamton closed [14].
PediaSim created by METI.
UMedic 4-year multimedia computer instruction system for cardiology introduced [124].
Denx simulator for dentistry introduced [124].
2000
First International Meeting on Medical Simulation.
Laerdal SimMan begins beta testing.
2001
METI releases Emergency Care Simulator.
Sophus Medical partners with Laerdal.
2002
Medical Simulation Corporation's SimSuite opens first 2 centers: Swedish Heart Institute (Seattle, WA) and Geisinger Health System (Danville, PA).
Anesoft Bioterrorism Simulator introduced.
2003
David Gaba receives the Society for Education in Anesthesia's Duke Prize for Excellence and Innovation in Anesthesia Education.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883944107002018

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